UNIT 6.1
READING AND VOCABULARY
Machines
Watch the following video and note down all the relevant information that you consider in order to talk about the advantages and drawbacks of driverless cars.
Driverless cars dilemma
What is AI (Artificial Intelligence)? What are its benefits and possible problems? What forms of AI are you familiar with?
TASK: Think about an important invention for our society
What is it?
Why was/is so important?
How different would life be without it?
What is it?
Why was/is so important?
How different would life be without it?
GRAMMAR
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
who (/ that)
with people
A waiter is somebody who works in a restaurant.
which (/ that)
with things
A pencil is something which you can use to write.
where
with places
A school is a place where you can learn and study.
that
= who / which
· A waiter is somebody that works in a restaurant.
· A pencil is something that you can use to write.
(that is more informal, and who / which are more formal)
A relative clause if formed by:
1. a main clause:
A waiter (subject) works (main verb) in a restaurant.
2. a subordinate clause:
is (verb) somebody who
with people
A waiter is somebody who works in a restaurant.
which (/ that)
with things
A pencil is something which you can use to write.
where
with places
A school is a place where you can learn and study.
that
= who / which
· A waiter is somebody that works in a restaurant.
· A pencil is something that you can use to write.
(that is more informal, and who / which are more formal)
A relative clause if formed by:
1. a main clause:
A waiter (subject) works (main verb) in a restaurant.
2. a subordinate clause:
is (verb) somebody who
1. Defining relative clauses with who, that and which
We use who for people, which for things and where for places.
I talked to the man who gave you the present.
I gave you the letter which came this morning
We can also use "That" instead of who or which in defining relative clauses. It is more informal.
I talked to the man that gave you the present.
I gave you the letter that came this morning
Note that who, which or that replace the pronoun.
I talked to a man. He gave you a present.
I talked to the man who gave you a present
NOT: I talked to the man who he gave you a present
2. Leaving out Who, That and Which
The relative pronouns "who","that" or "which" can be the object or the subject of a defining relative sentence.
Compare:
Peter is the boy who came yesterday
who is the subject of "came": He came yesterday
Peter is the boy who I saw in the restaurant yesterday
who is the object of "saw", not the subject : I saw him in the restaurant yesterday. ("I" is the subject)
When , in a defining relative sentence, the relative pronoun is the object , we often leave it out.
We use who for people, which for things and where for places.
I talked to the man who gave you the present.
I gave you the letter which came this morning
We can also use "That" instead of who or which in defining relative clauses. It is more informal.
I talked to the man that gave you the present.
I gave you the letter that came this morning
Note that who, which or that replace the pronoun.
I talked to a man. He gave you a present.
I talked to the man who gave you a present
NOT: I talked to the man who he gave you a present
2. Leaving out Who, That and Which
The relative pronouns "who","that" or "which" can be the object or the subject of a defining relative sentence.
Compare:
Peter is the boy who came yesterday
who is the subject of "came": He came yesterday
Peter is the boy who I saw in the restaurant yesterday
who is the object of "saw", not the subject : I saw him in the restaurant yesterday. ("I" is the subject)
When , in a defining relative sentence, the relative pronoun is the object , we often leave it out.
When we talk about relative clauses, there are two types:
· defining relative clauses
· non-defining relative clauses
You can hear about both types of clauses in these videos, but remember that for this unit you only have to learn what defining relative clauses are:
· defining relative clauses
· non-defining relative clauses
You can hear about both types of clauses in these videos, but remember that for this unit you only have to learn what defining relative clauses are:
Defining relative clause:
The information is important in specifying what is being discussed.
My brother who works as a police officer lives in New York.
(I have more than one brother, and I'm talking about the one who is a police officer.)
The students who passed the test had a party.
(Not all the students passed the test, and only the ones who passed the test had the party.)
Non-defining relative clause:
The information is unnecessary or extra. (They always use commas.)
My brother, who is a police officer, lives in New York.
(I only have one brother, and he is a police officer.)
The students, who passed the test, had a party!
(All the students passed the test and all of them had a party.)
The information is important in specifying what is being discussed.
My brother who works as a police officer lives in New York.
(I have more than one brother, and I'm talking about the one who is a police officer.)
The students who passed the test had a party.
(Not all the students passed the test, and only the ones who passed the test had the party.)
Non-defining relative clause:
The information is unnecessary or extra. (They always use commas.)
My brother, who is a police officer, lives in New York.
(I only have one brother, and he is a police officer.)
The students, who passed the test, had a party!
(All the students passed the test and all of them had a party.)
Difference between WHICH and WHERE
That’s a great question as many students are confused by the way they are used in some sentences. The difference, however, is not too difficult to understand.
Which, can be used both before and after as a pronoun and determiner. Here are some further examples.
However, if we reword the sentence and use which as a determiner, the focus of the sentence returns to the place/restaurant as we are also using ‘at’ as a preposition of place.
Put simply.
That’s a great question as many students are confused by the way they are used in some sentences. The difference, however, is not too difficult to understand.
- Where, is an adverb.
- Which, is a pronoun and determiner.
- The building which I visited was 350 m tall.
Which, can be used both before and after as a pronoun and determiner. Here are some further examples.
- Which coffee would you like, the cappuccino or expresso?
- The cappuccino has milk, but the expresso doesn’t, which one do you want?
- A cappuccino is not as strong as an expresso which has no milk.
- The restaurant where my cousin works is really expensive.
However, if we reword the sentence and use which as a determiner, the focus of the sentence returns to the place/restaurant as we are also using ‘at’ as a preposition of place.
- The restaurant which my cousin works at is really expensive.
- My friend is taking me to a shopping center which is huge.
- This hotel where we spent our summer holiday last year.
- This is the hotel we spent our summer at last year.
- We can meet where the hotel is, the one that we spent summer at last year.
Put simply.
- If you are focusing on a situation or place use where.
- If you are making a distinction between two or more things, then use which.
VOCABULARY
Useful expressions. Explaining a word you don't know
1. It's somebody who...
2. It's the person who...
3. It's a place where you go...
4. It's a thing which you use...
5. It's a kind of machine...
6. It's the opposite of...
7. It's like a/an... but...
8. It's similar to...
9. It's how you feel when...
10. It's what you do when...
11. For example you do this to the...
Useful expressions. Explaining a word you don't know
1. It's somebody who...
2. It's the person who...
3. It's a place where you go...
4. It's a thing which you use...
5. It's a kind of machine...
6. It's the opposite of...
7. It's like a/an... but...
8. It's similar to...
9. It's how you feel when...
10. It's what you do when...
11. For example you do this to the...
MONOLOGUE: MEANS OF TRANSPORT
Advantages/disadvantages
Advantages/disadvantages