Unit 8.2
2. GRAMMAR
MODALS OF OBLIGATION (Must, have to, should)
We can use have to + infinitive, must + infinitive and should + infinitive to express obligation (something you have to do).
have to- strong obligation (possibly from outside)
- Children have to go to school.
- I don't have to work on Sundays.
- You don't have to eat anything you don't like.
- I must study today.
- You mustn't smoke here.
- You should save some money.
- You shouldn't smoke so much.
should have
We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.
We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.
We can use ' should not have' to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened.
We can also use 'should not have' to regret past actions.
We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.
- I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot.
- He should have sent everybody a reminder by email.
- They should have remembered that their guests don't eat pork.
We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.
- She should have got the letter this morning. I expect she'll give us a call about it later.
- He should have arrived at his office by now. Let's try ringing him.
- They should have all read that first email by this stage. It's time to send the next one.
We can use ' should not have' to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened.
- She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office.
- He shouldn't have boarded his plane yet. We can probably still get hold of him.
- They shouldn't have sent the report off for printing yet. There is still time to make changes.
We can also use 'should not have' to regret past actions.
- I shouldn't have shouted at you. I apologise.
- We shouldn't have left the office so late. We should have anticipated this bad traffic.
- They shouldn't have sacked him. He was the most creative person on their team.
Be careful about the difference between mustn't and don't have to!
Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:
- You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick
- I don't have to get up early at the weekend(of course, if I want to get up early, that's fine, but I can stay in bed if I want).
modals_of_obligation.ppt | |
File Size: | 871 kb |
File Type: | ppt |
CLICK here if you want to do on-line activities.
Modal verb of obligation test
Modal verb of obligation test 2
Modal verbs of obligation 3
Modals of Obligation 4
Activities with: MUST 1; MUST 2
Activities with: HAVE TO 1; HAVE TO 2
Activities with: HAVETO, MUST
Activities with: MUSTN'T 1;
Activities with: MUST - MUSTN'T
Activities with: HAVE TO, MUST, MUSTN'T
Activities with: MUSTN'T, DON'T HAVE TO
Activities with: MODALS MIX 1; MODALS MIX 2
Activities with: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 1; SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 2; SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 3; SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 4;
Activities with: SHOULD, MUST
Modal verb of obligation test
Modal verb of obligation test 2
Modal verbs of obligation 3
Modals of Obligation 4
Activities with: MUST 1; MUST 2
Activities with: HAVE TO 1; HAVE TO 2
Activities with: HAVETO, MUST
Activities with: MUSTN'T 1;
Activities with: MUST - MUSTN'T
Activities with: HAVE TO, MUST, MUSTN'T
Activities with: MUSTN'T, DON'T HAVE TO
Activities with: MODALS MIX 1; MODALS MIX 2
Activities with: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 1; SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 2; SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 3; SHOULD / SHOULDN'T 4;
Activities with: SHOULD, MUST
Practice your grammar understanding with these activities.
3a_must_have_to_eoimelilla.pdf | |
File Size: | 130 kb |
File Type: |
Watch the following videos and pay attention to the use of the modals of obligation in context.
Now read the text and have a look at the pictures to learn cell phone manners.
1. You should assume that someone who asks you to turn your cell phone (or audio player) down, have a reason for asking, and it's probably not that they're trying to restrict you. (For example, people with temporal epilepsy may find that certain sounds make them more nervous.
1. You should assume that someone who asks you to turn your cell phone (or audio player) down, have a reason for asking, and it's probably not that they're trying to restrict you. (For example, people with temporal epilepsy may find that certain sounds make them more nervous.
2. Stay away from others while talking on the phone. If possible, keep a 10-foot (3 meter) distance between you and anyone else whenever you talk on your phone. Most people do not want to hear what you're talking about.
3. Try not to talk on the phone in any enclosed spaces, even if you're more than 10 feet away from anyone. They can still hear you (because it's an enclosed space) and usually, they're forced to just sit there and listen (and maybe be annoyed to some extent).
4. Don't talk too loudly. Generally you don't have to shout in the microphone to be heard on the other end. In fact, doing so often makes it harder for you to be understood. In addition, shouting on the phone disrupts people around you.
5. Don't put your phone on speaker. Just as many people do not want to hear your end of the conversation, they don't want to hear the other person's either.
6. Do not talk about personal details in public. Personal is just that: personal. If callers want to talk about personal details, tell them that you will call them back later, move some place where you can have a little privacy, or swap to text messaging.
7. Don't multitask. Avoid making calls while driving, shopping, banking, or doing almost anything that involves interacting with other human beings. In some situations it puts your life and the lives of others in danger, and in other situations it can bother some people.
8. Don't use your phone when having a meal with someone. Ideally, you should turn it off entirely. If you're anticipating an important call, let the person you're with know beforehand that you're expecting a call that you'll need to take. No matter what, don't hold a conversation at the table; step away, follow step 1, and don't stay away any longer than you would for a bathroom break. Never text at the table, even if the face-to-face conversation dies down. It will be seen as disrespectful.
4. READING
Vocabulary
fiancée- man or woman you're going to marry.
Grammar Point
Should have: It is used to talk about something that happened (or didn't happened) in the past that you think was wrong.
Eg. You should have studied for your English exam.
I should have called you to apologize
She shouldn't have shouted at you.
If you want to practice the structure SHOULD HAVE click on the following on-line activities:
SHOULD HAVE activity 1
SHOULD HAVE activity 2
SHOULD HAVE activity 3
SHOULD HAVE activity 4
Vocabulary
fiancée- man or woman you're going to marry.
Grammar Point
Should have: It is used to talk about something that happened (or didn't happened) in the past that you think was wrong.
Eg. You should have studied for your English exam.
I should have called you to apologize
She shouldn't have shouted at you.
If you want to practice the structure SHOULD HAVE click on the following on-line activities:
SHOULD HAVE activity 1
SHOULD HAVE activity 2
SHOULD HAVE activity 3
SHOULD HAVE activity 4
Have a look of the video of world stereotypes. Do you agree with it? What do you think is the Spanish stereotype?
Now, what are British stereotypes and manners? What do people think about the English? Pay attention to these postcards...
6. SPEAKING
ROLE PLAY
Student A
You are British and have met a Spanish person at the hotel you're staying. Have a conversation about manners in your country. Especially mention the following topics:
(You begin the conversation)
Student B
You are Spanish staying in London. At your hotel you've met an English person and you suddenly start a conversation about manners in your country, after being introduced to him/her. Remember to mention:
ROLE PLAY
Student A
You are British and have met a Spanish person at the hotel you're staying. Have a conversation about manners in your country. Especially mention the following topics:
- when you meet/greet someone for the first time.
- in a restaurant
- on social networking sites
- when you are having a meal with friends
(You begin the conversation)
Student B
You are Spanish staying in London. At your hotel you've met an English person and you suddenly start a conversation about manners in your country, after being introduced to him/her. Remember to mention:
- manners when you meet/greet someone.
- in restaurants
- on social networking sites.
- having a meal with friends.
Ángela M.